Introduction

In the mid 90’s migraine with epistaxis was first described as spontaneous nasal arterial haemorrhage in the termination phase of headache by Louis Calmeill. Subsequently in 1960 Ikonomoff and Simeonoff observed that 71% of patients with epistaxis had migraine.^[1]

Migraine is a common, chronic, incapacitating neurovascular (trigeminovascular) disorder, with characteristic findings of at least five attacks, each attack for 4 to 72 hours (untreated or unsuccessfully treated) with at least two of the following i.e unilaterality, pulsating quality, moderate or severe intensity, aggravation or avoidance of routine physical activity with any one of the following like nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia and not fitting into any other ICHD diagnostic criteria.

Nose bleed or epistaxis is defined as bleeding from the nasal cavity and / or nasopharynx. The most common site for nose bleed is Kisselbachs plexus, formed from internal carotid and external carotid artery branches that are supplied by the trigeminal nerve forming the trigeminovascular complex. This trigeminovascular complex has also been linked in pathogenesis of migraine according to various studies. ^[2], ^[3], ^[4]

The incidence and the clinical profile of the patients with migraine related bleeds from various sites and outcome is not well studied, especially in adults. Migraine and epistaxis are two disorders that we commonly encounter but are addressed individually. Case reports are published from various centres of world, but mostly in children. Knowledge of the migraine related bleeds, its outcome and treatment profile in adults helps in better patient care in day to day practice. It is under recognised to be an interrelated disorder, in daily practice, and hence our study.

Materials and Methods

The study is conducted at a tertiary care neurology centre in South India. The period of study was for two years. All patients with migraine were enquired for history of epistaxis, hemolacria, gum bleeding or bleed from any other sites and patients fulfilling ICHD3 Beta version criteria for migraine and above 18 years of age were included in the study. A detailed questionnaire regarding type of migraine, type of bleed, side of migraine, side and site of bleed, type of treatment and response to treatment was undertaken with help of a proforma. The proforma contained a detailed questionnaire about the headache and bleed. All patients underwent a detailed ENT, ophthalmological, dental and other evaluation to exclude local causes of bleed and blood work up to exclude other causes of bleed.

Results

In the present study, 64% patients were in the age group of 19 to 30 years with male and female having equal preponderance. 57% patient had headache lasting upto few hours. Epistaxis in 79% was before termination of headache. 71% had epistaxis with every episode of headache and 29% with a severe episode. 57% of patients had little quantity of epistaxis. 29% had relief of headache following epistaxis, but 71% of patients were found to have no correlation with headache termination.

In 71% patients headache was unilateral, 35% had epistaxis locked onto side of headache and was often seen on left side. 29% had bilateral headache with epistaxis being bilateral or on either side (not locked onto side of headache). Epistaxis lasted for more than a minute in 57% of patients and 43% had less than a minute duration. Minimum duration of epistaxis observed was less than a minute i.e. lasting for few seconds and maximum duration for 10 to 15 minutes.

79% of the patients had relief with amitryptiline, one patient with metoprolol, one patient with amitryptilline and metoprolol and remaining one patient with topiramate and amitryptiline both.

86% had photophobia and 71% had phonophobia with only 21% experienced vomiting. Frequency of headache was daily in 29% and 2-3/week in 43%. Rest of patients had once or twice a month. Headache was relieved with medication in only 43% of patients and rest had spontaneous remission.

Fourteen patients had family history of migraine on paternal side. Childhood onset (<18) of migraine was seen in around 42 patients and rest had after the age of 18(57%). Lack of sleep as a triggering factor was seen in 21 patients (21%), stress in 35%, sunlight in 14 patients (14%) and triggering factors like chocolate, scent and noise etc. in remaining 14%.

Only one female patient aged 28 years was observed to have haemolacria during the migraine attack that lasted for few minutes and terminated before termination of headache. It was present only with severe headache, at peak of the symptom. It was observed that headache severity subsided following bleed from eye. Bleed occurred from either side of eye and never bilateral. It was noticed to be on side of headache and occasionally on the other side. But never side locked to one side.

One of the male patient aged 45 years known case of migraine presented with history of subconjunctival haemorrhage only with a episode of severe headache lasting for few seconds and terminating even before the termination of headache. The side of subconjunctival haemorrhage was side locked and always occurred on the side of headache. Complete resolution of subconjunctival haemorrhage took few days.

One of other male patient 32 years of age had bleeding from gums above the either incisor teeth, that was present with every episode of headache and lasted for few seconds only , and was relieved spontaneously before termination of headache. The bleed was never side locked but was noticed on either side and never bilateral. The above symptom of bleeding from gum was attributed to migraine after excluding all other causes, similarly in hemolacria.

In view of observation that patient had no further episodes of epistaxis or hemolacria or other bleeds following treatment for migraine we came to a conclusion that all the above bleeds where secondary to migraine.

Discussion

Majority of patients in our study were in age group between 19 to 30 years of age. Nose bleed in these patients stopped before the termination of headache. 57% had minor (little) amount of bleeding. Earlier studies considered epistaxis to be part of resolution phase something similar to vomiting or diuresis or sweating in migraine. ^[5], ^[6], ^[7] But in our study majority of patients didn’t corelate exactly with resolution phase .

Both Males and Females had equal preponderance, and none of the female subjects had menorrhagia unlike other studies.^[8] Unilateral headache lasting for less than few hours and epistaxis lasting for less than a minute with maximum duration for 10 to 15 minutes, which terminated spontaneously was the most common observation. 43% of patients required medication for termination of headache but, termination of headache following medication had no correlation with termination of nose bleed. Hence the correlation of medication helping in termination of epistaxis could not be determined. Side of the nose bleed and headache was variable. Especially in patients having bilateral or holocranial headache or shifting headache, bleeding from either side of nostrils was observed. 35% had epistaxis strictly restricted to left side of nostril and 30% were locked onto side of headache.

Patient presenting with subconjunctival haemorrhage and gum bleeding during episode of headache were males in the middle age group and was side locked to side of headache in subconjunctival haemorrhage patient. Patient with gum bleeding and hemolacria was never side locked and occurred on either side. No definite temporal correlation of photophobia or other associated symptoms of migraine episode could be related to occurrence of hemolacria and gum bleeding in these patients. The incidence of hemolacria or gum bleeding or bleed from any other site was lower as compared to nose bleed.

Photophobia, phonophobia and vomiting was seen in 86%, 71% and 21% of patients but no temporal correlation was noticed with initiation or termination of epistaxis. A study by Page et al linked treatment with topiramate in migraine with increased risk of bleeding.^[9] Unlike our study, patient on topiramate and amitryptiline were better Metoprolol and amitryptiline together were also effective in another patient. Epistaxis was noticed with every episode of headache and only few correlated with peak of headache.

A genetic predisposition to the epistaxis with migraine was demonstrated by Moskowitz and MacFarlane,^[10], ^[11] Two patients had family history of migraine. It was seen on paternal side but without epistaxis in father. Presence of family history in these patients may be considered as one of the risk factors towards predisposition to epistaxis. This area of interest needs further observation and study. Jarjour et al also had similar results with recurrent epistaxis and migraine and predictied that patients with epistaxis usually have preponderance to have early age of onset of migraine.^[12] They also predicted that recurrent epistaxis in childhood had predisposition to have migraine in their later age.

Study by Jose et al, reported cases of aura with migraine and epistaxis unlike our study where none of cases were associated with aura.^[6] Wolff et al^[13] popularized the vascular theory of migraine, which emphasized on the role of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation leading to oligemia, neuronal disruption and, eventually, aura of migraine and the subsequent rebound vasodilatation and activation of perivascular nociceptive nerves resulted in headache and nasal bleed.^[14], ^[15]

Pulsatile dilatation of extracranial vessels during the attack, also supports the above hypothesis. Local changes of nasal mucosa like infections or minor trauma, especially near the Kisselbachs plexus, causes easy susceptibility to bleeds during the attacks of headache as the blood mucosa barrier is damaged.^[14]

Our study is first to determine the complete clinical profile with best treatment response of the patient and clinical outcome of the same. Extensive evaluation of epistaxis or bleeds from other site may be avoided with proper and detailed history in patients with nose bleeds or bleeds from other site occurring in conjunction with headache. Resolution of the bleeds with treatment of migraine determines that its of benign nature.

Conclusion

Patients presenting with epistaxis or other bleeds in outpatient department should be enquired regarding history of migraine in routine practice. It not only helps us to diagnose but also to determine the prevalence of the burden of the disease. Thus helping in better understanding of disease and improvement in the therapeutic application to provide a better patient care.

We propose that there is a chance that it appears to be underdiagnosed because of improper history taking rather than telling to be uncommon presentation. All of which makes it a important study less reported feature of a common disorder which needs further research and analysis, and hence our study.

It also helps general practitioners and specialists of other fields, who are the most common first point of contact for epistaxis patients in day to day practice.

Source of Funding

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.